Section XIIF. Definitions of Cause, 60 (cf. 74 n).

Ceremonies 41.

Chance ignorance of causes, 46; has no existence, 74 (v. Cause B).

Cicero 4.

Circle in reasoning, 30.

Clarke 37 n.

Colour peculiarity of ideas of, 16.

Contiguity 19, 42.

Contradiction the test of demonstration, 132.

Contrariety 19 n.

Contrary of matter of fact always possible, 21, 132.

Creation 132 n.

Criticism 132.

Cudworth 57 n, 158 n.

Custom when strongest conceals itself, 24; an ultimate principle of all conclusions from experience, 36, 127; and belief, 39-45; gives rise to inferences of animals, 84.

Definition only applicable to complex ideas, 49; need of, 131; of cause, 60.

Demonstrative opp. intuitive, 20; reasoning, 30; confined to quantity and number, 131; impossible to demonstrate a fact since no negation of a fact can involve a contradiction, 132.

Descartes 57 n.; his universal doubt antecedent to study if strictly taken is incurable, since even from an indubitable first principle no advance can be made except by the faculties which we doubt, 116; his appeal to the veracity of God is useless, 120 (v. Scepticism, 116-132).

Design argument from, 105 f. (v. Providence).

Divisibility of mathematical and physical points, 124.

Doubt Cartesian, 116, 120 (v. Scepticism A).

Epictetus 34.

Epicurean philosophy, defence of, 102-15; denial of providence and future state is harmless, 104 (v. Providence).

Euclid truths in, do not depend on existence of circles or triangles, 20.

Evidence moral and natural, 70; value of human, 82-9 (v. Miracles).

Evil doctrine of necessity either makes God the cause of evil or denies existence of evil as regards the whole, 78-81.

Existence external and perception, 118-9 (v. Scepticism, B, 116-32).

Ex nihilo nihil 132 n.

Experience (v. Cause A, 23-33); opposition of reason and experience usual, but really erroneous and superficial, 36 n.

Infallible, may be regarded as proof, 87 (v. Miracles); all the philosophy and religion in the world cannot carry us beyond the usual course of experience, 113.

Extension 50; a supposed primary quality, 122.

Faith 101, 132.

Fiction and fact (v. Cause C), 39 f.

Future inference to, from past, 29 (v. Cause A).

General ideas, do not really exist, but only particular ideas attached to a general term, 125 n.

Geography mental, 8.

Geometry propositions of certain, as depending only on relations of ideas not on existence of objects, 20; gives no knowledge of ultimate causes: only applies laws discovered by experience, 27.

God idea of, 14; no idea of except what we learn from reflection on our own faculties, 57; theory that God is cause of all motion and thought, causes being only occasions of his volition, 54-57; by doctrine of necessity either there are no bad actions or God is the cause of evil, 78-81.

Veracity of, appealed to, 120.

And creation of matter, 132 n.

v. Providence, 102-115; Scepticism, 116-132.

Golden age, 107.

Gravity 26.

Habit (v. Custom, Cause B).

History use of, 65.

Human nature, inconstancy a constant character of, 68.

Ideas A. Origin of, 11-17.

Perceptions divided into impressions and ideas, 11-12; the mind can only compound the materials derived from outward or inward sentiment, 13 (cf. 53); all ideas resolvable into simple ideas copied from precedent feelings, 14; deficiency in an organ of sensation produces deficiency in corresponding idea, 15-16; suspected ideas to be tested by asking for the impression from which it is derived, 17 (cf. 49); idea of reflection, 51; general ideas, 135 n; innate ideas, 19 n; power of will over ideas, 53.

B. Association of, 18-19.

Ideas introduce each other with a certain degree of method and regularity, 18; only three principles of association, viz. Resemblance, Contiguity, and Cause or Effect, 19; contrariety, 19 n; production of belief by these principles, 41-43.

C. Correspondence of ideas and course of nature, 44; relations of ideas one of two possible objects of enquiry, 20; such relations discoverable by the mere operation of thought, 20, 131; no demonstration possible except in case of ideas of quantity or number, 131.

Imagination 11, 39; and belief, 40.

Impressions all our more lively perceptions, 12; the test of ideas, 17, 49.

Incest peculiar turpitude of explained, 12.

Inconceivability of the negative, 132 (cf. 20).

Inertia 57 n.

Inference and similarity, 30, 115 (v. Cause).

Infinite divisibility, 124 f.

Instances multiplication of not required by reason, 31.

Instinct more trustworthy than reasoning, 45; the basis of all experimental reasoning, 85; the basis of realism, 118, 121.

Intuitive opp. mediate reasoning, 2.

La Bruyere 4.

Liberty (v. Necessity, 62-97). Definition of hypothetical liberty, 73. Necessary to morality, 77.

Locke 4, 40 n, 50 n, 57 n. His loose use of 'ideas,' 19 n; betrayed into frivolous disputes about innate ideas by the School-men, 19 n; distinction of primary and secondary qualities, 122.

Malebranche 4, 57 n..

Man a reasonable and active being, 4.

Marriage rules of, based on and vary with utility, 118.

Mathematics ideas of, clear and determinate, hence their superiority to moral and metaphysical sciences, 48; their difficulty, 48.

Mathematical and physical points, 124 n.

Matter necessity of, 64; creation of, 132 n (v. Scepticism A).

Matter-of-fact contrary of, always possible, 21; arguments to new, based only on cause and effect, 22.

Metaphysics not a science, 5-6; how inferior and superior to mathematics, 48.

Mind mental geography, 8; secret springs and principles of, 9; can only mix and compound materials given by inward and outward sentiment, 13; power of will over, 53.

Miracles. 86-101.

Belief in human evidence diminishes according as the event witnessed is unusual or extraordinary, 89; difference between extraordinary and miraculous, 89 n; if the evidence for a miracle amounted to proof we should have one proof opposed by another proof, for the proof against a miracle is as complete as possible; an event is not miraculous unless there is a uniform experience, that is a proof, against it, 90; definition of miracle, 90 n; hence no testimony is sufficient to establish a miracle unless its falsehood would be more miraculous than the event it establishes, 91; as a fact the evidence for a miracle has never amounted to proof, 92; the passion for the wonderful in human nature, 93; prevalence of miracles in savage and early periods and their diminution with civilization, 94; the evidence for miracles in matters of religion opposed by the almost infinite number of witnesses for rival religions, 95; value of human testimony diminished by temptation to pose as a prophet or apostle, 97; no testimony for a miracle has ever amounted to a probability, much less to a proof, and if it did amount to a proof it would be opposed by another perfect proof, 98; so a miracle can never be proved so as to be the foundation of a system of religion, 99; a conclusion which confounds those who base the Christian religion on reason, not on faith, 100; the Christian religion cannot be believed without a miracle which will subvert the principle of a man's understanding and give him a determination to believe what is most contrary to custom and experience, 101.

Moral evil (q.v.) 80.

Moral science 30; inferior to mathematics, 48; sceptical objections to, 126-7.

Moral evidence easily combined with natural, 70.

Motion 50.

Nature design in, 105 f. (v. Providence), and the course of our ideas, 44.

State of, a philosophical fiction, 151, 151 n.

Necessary connexion (v. Cause).

Necessity two definitions of, 75.

A. and Liberty, 62-81; the controversy is based on ambiguity, and all mankind have always been of the same opinion on this subject, 63; our idea of the necessity of matter arises solely from observed uniformity and consequent inference, circumstances which are allowed by all men to exist in respect of human action, 64; history and knowledge of human nature assume such uniformity, 65, which does not exclude variety due to education and progress, 66; irregular actions to be explained by secret operation of contrary causes, 67; the inconstancy of human action, its constant character, as of winds and weather, 68; we all acknowledge and draw inferences from the regular conjunction of motives and actions, 69; history, politics, and morals show this, and the possibility of combining moral and natural evidence shows that they have a common origin, 70; the reluctance to acknowledge the necessity of actions due to a lingering belief that we can see real connexion behind mere conjunction, 71; we should begin with the examination not of the soul and will but of brute matter, 72; the prevalence of the liberty doctrine due to a false sensation of liberty and a false experiment, 72 n; though this question is the most contentious of all, mankind has always agreed in the doctrine of liberty, if we mean by it that hypothetical liberty which consists in a power of acting or not acting according to the determinations of our will, and which can be ascribed to every one who is not a prisoner, 73; liberty when opposed to necessity, and not merely to constraint, is the same as chance, 74.